General principles of dietary therapy for "three highs": calorie control and application of glycemic index (GI).

General dietary principles for patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia: (1) Rationally control total energy intake. A BMI of 18.5–23.9 is appropriate. Energy intake should be based on maintaining a standard weight. (2) Carbohydrate intake should not be strictly controlled, accounting for 50%–60% of total energy intake. (3) Limit fat and cholesterol intake. Fat should account for 20%–30% of energy intake. (4) Ensure adequate intake of high-quality protein, accounting for 12%–20%. (5) Ensure sufficient supply of trace elements and vitamins. (6) Low-salt diet. Daily salt intake should be controlled below 5g. (7) Ensure sufficient dietary fiber, about 30g per day. (8) Eat at least three meals a day at regular times and in fixed quantities. Calorie calculation method: Step 1: Calorie intake = Standard weight × Activity intensity. Step 2: Standard weight (kg) = Height (cm) - 105. Use 25kcal for obese people and the elderly, and 30kcal for thin people. Step 3: Classify according to activity intensity (Table 11).

Table 11 Caloric Requirements for Different Activity Intensity Levels | Activity Intensity | Subject | Daily Caloric Requirement per Kilogram of Body Weight (kcal) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Light Physical Laborers | Office Workers, Teachers, Laboratory Workers, Drivers | 25-30 | | Moderate Physical Laborers | Electricians, Drivers, Farmers During Busy Seasons | 30-35 | | Heavy Physical Laborers | Construction Workers, Porters, Harvesters, Logging Workers, Athletes | 35 |

Glycemic Index (GI): The higher the GI value, the faster blood sugar rises after a meal. Foods with a GI ≥ 70 are considered high-GI (such as steamed buns, rice, and puffed foods); foods with a GI ≤ 55 are considered low-GI (such as beans and minimally processed foods). Diabetics should choose low-GI foods. Soluble dietary fiber helps slow digestion and cholesterol excretion. Insoluble dietary fiber's main function is to remove harmful and toxic substances from the body. Scientific hydration: Plain boiled water is the most suitable drinking water for the human body. Diabetics should drink 2000ml or more of water daily. For those with high blood pressure, three glasses of water are important: one in the morning, one before bed, and one at midnight. Reasonable fat control: Cooking oil 25g/day. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) should provide <7% of energy. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) should account for 8%–10%. Cholesterol should be controlled below 200mg. High-quality animal protein includes fish, lean meat, and skim milk.