Overview, symptoms, classification, and diagnostic criteria of hyperglycemia

I. What is hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia is defined as a fasting blood glucose level greater than 7.8 mmol/L and a postprandial blood glucose level greater than 11.1 mmol/L.

Laboratory results are an important diagnostic basis for diabetes. Long-term high blood sugar can easily lead to cardiovascular disease.

Conditions such as illness, kidney damage, retinal disease, and persistent infections should be treated actively. Dietary recommendations are also important.

In addition to controlling your total daily food intake, regularly consuming foods that lower blood sugar is also very effective.

At the same time, patients with high blood sugar should engage in appropriate physical exercise to prevent excessive weight gain.

II. Symptoms, Classification, and Diagnosis of Hyperglycemia

1. Pathogen and symptoms

Hyperglycemia (a type of diabetes) is a group of diseases caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

This leads to a clinical syndrome. It results from an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion and the target tissue cells' response to insulin.

Decreased sensitivity leads to a series of metabolic disorders, including those involving carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and electrolytes. This disease...

It is divided into primary and secondary types. Prolonged illness can affect the heart, kidneys, brain, retina, peripheral nerves, etc.

Damage. In severe cases, acute metabolic disorders such as ketoacidosis can occur.

Diabetes can be divided into insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

(Type II). Its etiology and pathogenesis are not yet clear. Currently, it is believed to be related to genetic factors, environmental factors, and...

It is related to the immune mechanism. Genetic and environmental factors are the main factors, but certain viral infections and adverse reactions also play a role.

Dietary habits can also lead to this disease. It is generally believed that diabetes is mainly caused by pancreatic islet cells in the body.

A deficiency of glucose means that the body's tissues cannot fully utilize sugar, leading to its retention in the blood and causing excessive blood sugar levels, resulting in glycosuria.

In addition, disorders of glucose metabolism leading to disturbances in protein and fat metabolism can also cause diabetes. Diabetes can...

It can occur at any age, but the peak incidence is between 50 and 70 years old, and it is most common in obese individuals. Main clinical manifestations...

The current symptoms are "three more and one less," namely, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and excessive urination, along with weight loss and a sweet-smelling urine.

Other symptoms include fatigue, decreased immunity, itching of the skin and vulva, numbness in the limbs, menstrual disorders, and impotence.

Symptoms include flaccid paralysis. In severe cases, it can be complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis, multiple skin diseases, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and peripheral nerve damage.

Menstrual inflammation, cataracts and other diseases.

2. Clinical Classification

Hyperglycemia can be classified into three types during its development: latent hyperglycemia, chemical hyperglycemia, and clinical hyperglycemia.

High blood sugar. Latent hyperglycemia is the incubation period of diabetes and generally has no specific symptoms; chemical hyperglycemia...

Generally, there are no clinical symptoms of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose is normal. However, postprandial hyperglycemia and glycosuria may occur.

Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or macrovascular disease, complications of diabetes; clinical hyperglycemia.

With typical symptoms of diabetes, such as elevated fasting blood glucose, a diagnosis can be made without a glucose tolerance test.

Clinically, hyperglycemia is further classified into three categories: juvenile onset, adult onset, and young-onset. Juvenile onset...

This type of condition is also known as insulin-dependent hyperglycemia, meaning that insulin must be used in treatment centers, otherwise it will cause ketosis.

Dissociative ketoacidosis; adult-onset type, also known as insulin-independent hyperglycemia, generally does not require treatment during treatment.

Insulin is used; the onset type in young adults is a milder form of hyperglycemia with dominant genetic characteristics.

3. Diagnostic and Control Criteria

The simplest way to diagnose high blood sugar is to check urine glucose. A normal person excretes 32-39 mg of glucose in their urine daily.

Milligrams of glucose, while diabetes refers to the excretion of more than 150 milligrams of glucose in the urine, which plays a role in the glucose tolerance test.

The reaction. Urine glucose concentration is highest 2 hours after a meal. In people with high blood sugar, urine glucose levels are directly proportional to blood glucose levels.

Sugar will be present in the urine when blood sugar exceeds 160% (CW/W).

Those with good blood sugar control generally have urine glucose levels below 5 grams within 24 hours, while those with poor control often have lower levels.

Above 5 grams. Generally, 5 grams is used as the control standard in short-term clinical practice, but in long-term treatment, urine...

It is difficult to keep blood sugar levels below 5 grams for an extended period. Therefore, for those with mild symptoms, 24-hour urine glucose should be controlled between 5 and 10 grams.

For severe cases, the dosage should be controlled at 10-20 grams, and not exceeding 25 grams. Anyone who meets this standard, although still...

Complications occurred, but they were not serious.

A satisfactory standard for blood glucose control is a fasting blood glucose level not exceeding 130% (CW/W). This applies to older adults.

Often, due to the renal threshold of blood glucose, urine glucose cannot reflect blood glucose levels, so it is necessary to measure fasting blood glucose.